Agmatine Stats & Data
Pharmacology
DrugBankDescription
Agmantine is a natural metabolite of the amino acid arginine. It is formed when arginine is decarboxylated by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase and is found naturally in ragweed pollen, ergot fungi, octopus muscle, herring sperm, sponges, and the mammalian brain. Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. As an investigational drug, it is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy between the ages of 18 to 75 years. Up to now (July 2013), the results of this study have not yet been published. As an experimental drug, agmatine is being studied for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine.
Mechanism of Action
The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine. Some of the biochemical mechanisms discovered so far concern agmatine's indication for diabetes, neuroprotection, and psychiatric conditions. In diabetes, agmatine produces hypoglycemia by increasing the release of insulin form pancreatic islet cells and increasing glucose uptake by the cells through increased endorphin release from the adrenal glands. Concerning neuroprotection, agmatine's effects are thought to involve modulation of receptors (NMDA, alpha 2, and imidazoline) and ion channels (ATP sensitive potassium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels) as well as blocking nitric oxide synthesis. Agmatine blocks nitric oxide synthesis by reducing the nitric oxide synthase -2 (NOS-2) protein in astroglial cells and macrophages. With respect to agmatine's benefit in psychiatric disorders, it is suggested that the mechanism involves neurotransmitter receptor modulation of the NMDA, alpha-2, serotonin, opioid, and imidazoline receptors. Specifically when agmatine binds to the imidazoline and alpha 2 receptors, it acts as a neurotransmitter and releases catecholamines from the adrenal gland.
Pharmacodynamics
Agmatine has several physiological effects. Its cardiovascular effects include mildly reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Also it promotes a mild hypoglycemic state, reduces cellular oxidative stress, and enhances glomerular filtration rate.
Indication
Agmatine is being studied experimentally for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). As an investigational drug, agamatine is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy.
Effect Profile
CuratedMild pain relief and itching/nausea with low sedation
Tolerance & Pharmacokinetics
drugs.wikiCross-Tolerances
Harm Reduction
drugs.wikiAgmatine is an endogenous amine formed by L‑arginine decarboxylation; in the CNS it binds imidazoline and alpha‑2 adrenergic sites, and it blocks NMDA receptor channels at high micromolar concentrations; it also down‑regulates iNOS expression, with anti‑inflammatory/neuroprotective signals in preclinical work. In animals, agmatine potentiates morphine analgesia and can reduce opioid tolerance; in people, users report potentiation with both RX opioids and kratom—raising sedation/overdose risk if baseline doses are not lowered. Small human data exist: an open‑label case series (n=11 completers) used 2.67 g/day agmatine sulfate for 2 months and reported meaningful reductions in neuropathic pain without major adverse events, but the study had conflicts of interest and no control arm; findings should be considered preliminary. Blood pressure: due to central imidazoline/I1 and alpha‑2 actions, agmatine can lower BP; additive effects occur with clonidine‑like drugs; stand up slowly and avoid rushed dose escalations. Glucose: secondary pharmacology summaries and some preclinical data suggest mild hypoglycemic effects; individuals on insulin or sulfonylureas should monitor for low glucose when starting. Route risks: intranasal use is discouraged—agmatine sulfate is acidic and can cause nasal irritation; scattered user reports describe unpleasant dissociation and anxiety with this route. Psychiatric variability: while some users report anxiolysis or mood lift, others experience flattening, brain fog, anxiety spikes, or depersonalization—if these occur, discontinue. Tolerance/poop‑out: many users report tachyphylaxis with daily use; if using for mood or pain, consider intermittent schedules to assess continued benefit. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, significant renal or hepatic disease: data are insufficient—avoid or use only with medical supervision. As a supplement, product quality varies; prefer products with recent third‑party testing and avoid proprietary blends with unclear agmatine amounts.
References
Drugs.wiki References
- DrugBank entry for Agmatine (pharmacology summary)
- Agmatine binds alpha‑2 adrenergic and imidazoline receptors (Science, 1994)
- Agmatine blocks NMDA receptor channels in neurons (J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1999)
- Agmatine antagonizes neuronal nicotinic receptors (Br J Pharmacol, 1990)
- Review: agmatine in morphine analgesia and dependence (AAPS J, 2006)
- Co‑administration with morphine: NO pathway involvement (Physiol Behav, 2013)
- Human open‑label case series in painful small‑fiber neuropathy (2.67 g/day for 2 months)
- Agmatine requires GluN2B‑containing NMDARs to blunt neuropathic pain (preclinical)
- Agmatine down‑regulates NOS‑2/iNOS in astrocytes and macrophages (Ann NY Acad Sci, 2003)
- Moxonidine as selective I1‑imidazoline agonist antihypertensive (mechanistic review)
- 95‑day high‑dose rat study: small BP reductions and recovery post‑cessation
- Anecdotal opioid/kratom potentiation and caution (community)
- Community reports of intranasal agmatine producing dissociative/unpleasant effects
- Community reports of hypotension with agmatine
- Community reports: mood/anxiety variability, ‘flat’ affect at higher or repeated dosing