Sibutramine Stats & Data
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DrugBankDescription
Sibutramine (trade name Meridia in the USA, Reductil in Europe and other countries), usually as sibutramide hydrochloride monohydrate, is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. It is a centrally acting stimulant chemically related to amphetamines thus it is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States. In October 2010, Sibutramine was withdrawn from Canadian and U.S. markets due to concerns that the drug increases the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with a history of heart disease.
Mechanism of Action
Sibutramine produces its therapeutic effects by inhibition of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and to a lesser extent, dopamine reuptake at the neuronal synapse. By inhibiting the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, sibutramine promotes a sense of satiety and decrease in appetite, thereby reducing food intake. Data from animal studies also suggest that sibutramine may also increase energy expenditure through thermogenic effects in both the basal and fed states, but this has not been confirmed in humans. Sibutramine and its major pharmacologically active metabolites (M1 and M2) do not act via release of monoamines.
Pharmacodynamics
Sibutramine is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. Sibutramine exerts its pharmacological actions predominantly via its secondary (M1) and primary (M2) amine metabolites. The parent compound, sibutramine, is a potent inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake <i>in vivo</i>, but not <i>in vitro</i>. However, metabolites M1 and M2 inhibit the reuptake of these neurotransmitters both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. In human brain tissue, M1 and M2 also inhibit dopamine reuptake <i>in vitro</i>, but with ~3-fold lower potency than for the reuptake inhibition of serotonin or norepinephrine. Sibutramine, M1 and M2 exhibit no evidence of anticholinergic or antihistaminergic actions. In addition, receptor binding profiles show that sibutramine, M1 and M2 have low affinity for serotonin (5-HT1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C), norepinephrine (b, b1, b3, a1 and a2), dopamine (D1 and D2), benzodiazepine, and glutamate (NMDA) receptors. These compounds also lack monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.
Absorption
Rapid absorption following oral administration. Absolute bioavailability is not known, but at least 77% of a single oral dose of sibutramine is absorbed.
Toxicity
Side effects include dry mouth, anorexia, insomnia, constipation and headache.
Indication
For the treatment of obesity.
Elimination
Sibutramine is metabolized in the liver principally by the cytochrome P450 (3A4) isoenzyme, to desmethyl metabolites, M1 and M2. These active metabolites are further metabolized by hydroxylation and conjugation to pharmacologically inactive metabolites, M5 and M6. Approximately 85% (range 68-95%) of a single orally administered radiolabeled dose was excreted in urine and feces over a 15-day collection period with the majority of the dose (77%) excreted in the urine. The primary route of excretion for M1 and M2 is hepatic metabolism and for M5 and M6 is renal excretion.
Effect Profile
CuratedModerate stimulation and anxiety/jitters with low euphoria
Tolerance & Pharmacokinetics
drugs.wikiTolerance Decay
Robust human tolerance kinetics are not well characterized. Anecdotally, some loss of appetite-suppressing effect occurs over weeks with daily use and partially reverses over several weeks of abstinence. Data quality is low; model provided for harm-reduction planning rather than precise prediction.
Cross-Tolerances
Harm Reduction
drugs.wikiWithdrawn from many markets (e.g., U.S., Canada) in 2010 after increased nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke were observed in high-risk patients; anyone with existing cardiovascular disease, arrhythmia, or uncontrolled hypertension should avoid it entirely. Once-daily morning dosing was used clinically; avoid same-day redosing because active metabolites persist for 14–24 h and cumulatively load the cardiovascular system. Expect measurable increases in heart rate and small BP rises on average; stop and seek care for chest pain, severe headache, palpitations, or marked BP elevations. Risk of serotonin syndrome increases if combined with MAOIs or other serotonergic agents; do not use within 14 days of an MAOI and avoid serotonergic combinations. Sibutramine and/or analogs are frequently found adulterating “slimming” teas, coffees, and capsules; treat any such product as potentially mislabeled—use only products confirmed by accredited labs or avoid entirely. Rare cases of drug-induced liver injury have been reported; avoid if you have active liver disease and stop if you develop pruritus, dark urine, jaundice, or right‑upper‑quadrant pain. Because it can cause insomnia, dose early in the day and avoid other stimulants (including heavy caffeine); maintain hydration, particularly with exercise or hot environments. Metabolized mainly by CYP3A4; strong inhibitors may raise exposure and strong inducers may reduce efficacy—be cautious and monitor for BP/HR or adverse changes. Discontinuation after use is commonly followed by rebound appetite and weight regain; if discontinuing therapeutic use, plan behavioral support and nutrition in advance rather than escalating dose.
References
Drugs.wiki References
- DrugBank: Sibutramine (DB01105) – pharmacodynamics, metabolism, PK
- LiverTox (NCBI Bookshelf): Sibutramine – withdrawal in 2010; dosing; adverse effects; DILI case
- DARE systematic/meta-analyses: BP/HR changes and efficacy
- AHRQ/NCBI Guidelines: Obesity drug therapy adverse effects (tachycardia/HTN); caution with withdrawn drugs and ‘herbal’ products
- Endotext (NCBI): FDA list of tainted weight-loss products containing sibutramine/analogs